Understanding Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA): A Unique Profile of Autism
In this article, we will focus on Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), a distinct and often misunderstood profile of autism. It is important to understand PDA within the context of neurodiversity. PDA is a term coined by Elizabeth Newson in the 1980’s to describe a specific profile of autism characterized by extreme anxiety, demand avoidance, and a need for control. Some people prefer the term Pervasive Drive for Autonomy to represent PDA because of the desire to maintain control and autonomy in one’s environment. Unlike other forms of autism, individuals with PDA often display a high level of social understanding and can be highly skilled at masking their difficulties, making it challenging to identify their needs.
What Are the Signs of PDA in Children?
Recognizing the signs of PDA in children can be crucial for early intervention and support. Here are some common signs to look out for:
· Extreme Anxiety: Children with PDA may exhibit intense anxiety that is disproportionate to the situation. They may experience heightened emotional responses, meltdowns, or shutdowns in response to perceived demands.
· Demand Avoidance: PDAers have a strong need to avoid and resist demands or requests from others. They may employ strategies such as negotiation, distraction, or social manipulation to avoid tasks or activities they find challenging or overwhelming.
· Control-Seeking Behaviors: PDAer children often exhibit a strong desire for control and may engage in controlling behaviors or exhibit inflexibility when faced with changes or transitions.
· Social Masking: PDAers may possess excellent social skills and the ability to mimic neurotypical behavior, making it difficult to identify their underlying challenges. However, this masking can lead to significant mental and emotional strain.
At What Age Can PDA Be Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of autism with a PDA profile can typically be made in children of preschool age or older, usually from around 3 years and above. However, it is important to note that the recognition and diagnosis of PDA can sometimes be challenging due to its unique presentation and overlap with other conditions.
How Do I Get My Child Tested for PDA?
It is important to note that PDA is not widely accepted by all providers, which can make it challenging for individuals and families seeking appropriate support. At Zephyr Care, we recognize and specialize in high-masking presentations of autism, including PDA. Our neurodiversity-affirming evaluations focus on understanding the unique strengths and challenges of PDAers, providing a comprehensive assessment that supports their specific needs.
If you suspect that your child may have PDA or if you are seeking a neurodiversity-affirming evaluation for autism, Zephyr Care is here to support you. We provide comprehensive evaluations that recognize and honor the unique neurodivergent experiences of autistic individuals and PDAers. Contact us today!
Additional Resources for PDA
For more information and education about PDA, check out PDA of North America.
Author: Heather Joppich, PhD
Dr. Joppich is a Licensed Psychologist and owner of Zephyr Care Mental Health. She specializes in neurodiversity-affirming assessments for autism, ADHD, and mental health concerns.
